Chess has existed for well over 1000 years. Tennis has been around for at least 600 years, golf for at least 500. In western Europe, all three of these sports were originally exclusive pastimes of the aristocracy. Playing golf has continued to be primarily the preserve of what Veblen called the leisure class, a status symbol affordable only by a small portion of the population. Tennis, by comparison, has become somewhat less exclusive, and chess is now a mass phenomenon.
All three of these sports, as well as other Medieval aristocratic pastimes such as tournaments (jousting) and horse racing, are individual sports. The most popular team sports of the present day did not become popular until the 19th century: baseball, rugby, what Americans call football, what the rest of the world calls football and Americans call soccer, basketball, handball and so forth.
These team sports grew simultaneously in two categories: amateur sports for the upper class, as sports had been, and, something new, professional sports which were much more open to the entire society, and which, indeed, were often looked down upon by the aristocrats and the rich middle class wishing to join the upper classes. And large-scale amateur sports persist to this day in the US in the form of school sports, including college sports.
And perhaps it is better to call them "amateur" sports, in quotation marks, because, right from the start, university football and baseball and basketball teams cheated, and included players who were not really university students.
Back in the mid-19th century in the US, attendance at universities was still mostly confined to relatively wealthy white men. It was a status symbol of the upper classes, as sports traditionally had been. However, as team sports grew explosively in popularity, and they began to generate huge amounts of revenue from ticket sales, and as college sports began to gain fans who had never been to college, the code of exclusivity was regularly broken, and the pool of players expanded far beyond the upper classes, in order to find the very best players.
And from the mid-19th century until today, most people have known that the claim that most of a college's athletes are actually students, is untrue.
In the rest of the world, many sports -- above all soccer, by far the most popular sport in the world -- developed in an entirely different way, with none of this pretense of amateurism. The revenues are openly shared with the athletes, not just in the "major leagues" as is the case in the US, but in all leagues.
Baseball still has its minor leagues, although these have been mostly replaced by college baseball. Each major league team owns or is closely and exclusively associated with teams in several minor leagues, which form a pool of young talent for the major leagues to pick from.
Most of the soccer teams outside of the US are independent entities. Typically, a country will have many soccer leagues, and a team can move up to a higher, more prosperous league by leading the league below it, while the team which did worst in the higher league moves to the lower league.
It's a much more sensible way of doing things. The American system is much more like a battle royal, with millions of children competing for a few thousand positions in which their financial compensation may begin to reflect the revenue they generate for others. There are only a very few, very impoverished and unsuccessful independent minor leagues in American football and basketball. Quite a few American athletes have figured out that they will be better treated in other countries, where basketball and baseball leagues and leagues in still other sports are modeled upon the soccer model.
And so, ironically, in the US, which supposedly was founded upon a rejection of things like aristocracy -- although that's a pretense about as transparent as that in which college athletes are supposed to be students -- amateur sports has become a very cruel exploitation of young poor people.
Perhaps even more ironically, one of the few other parts of the world who indulged in a lie about amateur sports was -- the former Soviet bloc. Were they doing this in order to compete with their great rival and enemy, the US? I don't know.
Aunque los deportes colectivos fuera de los Estados Unidos tuvieron orígenes y desarrollos notoriamente democráticos, en las últimas décadas del siglo XX y las primeras del siglo XXI se ha dado una progresiva concentración de capitales en los clubes de fútbol de Europa -también en otros continentes y en otros deportes, en menor medida-, de manera que la mayoría de los clubes más poderosos pertenece a magnates árabes, cataríes o estadounidenses.
ReplyDeleteEn países como el mío -te escribo desde Lima, Perú- el fútbol se está convirtiendo en lo que acertadamente describes como una batalla real; un puñado de jugadores llegan a los clubes de primera división -el equivalente a las grandes ligas- y de ellos, una minoría aún más insignificante puede dar el salto a Europa y ver el gran dinero. Por desgracia, copiamos lo peor de los modelos vigentes de deporte profesional...
(Although team sports outside the United States had notoriously democratic origins and developments, in the last decades of the 20th century and the first decades of the 21st century there has been a progressive concentration of capital in European football clubs -also in other continents and in other sports, to a lesser extent - so that most of the most powerful clubs belong to Arab, Qatari or American tycoons.
ReplyDeletein other sports, to a lesser extent - so that most of the most powerful clubs belong to Arab, Qatari or American tycoons.
en otros deportes, en menor medida, de modo que la mayoría de los clubes más poderosos pertenecen a magnates árabes, qataríes o estadounidenses.
in other sports, to a lesser extent - so that the majority of the most powerful clubs belong to Arab, Qatari or American magnates.
en otros deportes, en menor medida-, de modo que la mayoría de los clubes más poderosos pertenecen a magnates árabes, qataríes o estadounidenses.
In countries like mine - I am writing to you from Lima, Peru - soccer is becoming what you rightly describe as a battle royale; a handful of players make it to the first division clubs - the equivalent of the big leagues - and of these, an even more insignificant minority can make the leap to Europe and see the big money. Unfortunately, we copy the worst of the existing models of professional sports...)